Railway and Aerospace Protocols — Ch.04: TCN Architecture [KR]

TCN is a hierarchical communication architecture defined by IEC 61375 for exchanging operational, control, diagnostic, and passenger information across trains and vehicles, separating train‑level backbone from vehicle‑level networks. The architecture supports dynamic composition of the train‑wide network while allowing each vehicle to maintain its own internal communications. Meanwhile, BMS design includes cell balancing—passive or active—to equalize voltage differences among series‑connected battery cells. Manufacturing variations and thermal conditions cause voltage imbalances that can limit capacity and safety.